Rafter spans table3/21/2024 ![]() ![]() They are expressed as a fraction clear span in inches (L) over a given number. Maximum deflection limits are set by building codes. Only live loads are used to calculate design values for stiffness. In other words, how much a joist or rafter bends under the maximum expected load. Stiffness of structural members is limited by maximum allowable deflection. Perhaps the joists were strong enough if they didn’t break! But lack of stiffness leads to costly problems. For example, first-floor ceiling plaster would crack as occupants walked across a second-floor bedroom that was framed with bouncy floor joists. Strength and stiffness are equally important. ![]() Beams, studs, joists and rafters act as a structural skeleton and must be strong enough and stiff enough to resist these loads. The house acts as a structural system resisting dead loads (weight of materials), live loads (weights imposed by use and occupancy), like snow loads and wind loads. This article will focus on how simple beams like joists and rafters react to loading. If, when the loads of the house are combined, the house weighs more than the soil can support – the house will sink until it reaches a point at which the soil can support the load. Remember when your science teacher said: every action has an opposite and equal reaction? Well every building load has an equal “reaction load”. The structural goal of a house is to safely transfer building loads (weights) through the foundation to the supporting soil. A complete analysis of wood’s mechanical properties is complex, but understanding a few basics of lumber strength will allow you to size joists and rafters with the use of span tables. Wood is naturally engineered to serve as a structural material: The stem of a tree is fastened to the earth at its base (foundation), supports the weight of its branches (column) and bends as it is loaded by the wind (cantilever beam). Using span tables to size joists and rafters is a straight-forward process when you understand the structural principles that govern their use. Some information contained in it may be outdated. plasterboard on the underside of the rafters the effects of deflection under concentrated (point) load do not need to be considered as per guidance given in BS 5268-7.5 clause 4.3.Please note: This older article by our former faculty member remains available on our site for archival purposes. The imposed load should be calculated in accordance with BS 6399:Part 3:1988 Code of practice for imposed roof loads, as a rule of thumb for altitudes not exceeding 100m you can use a uniformly distributed load of 0.75 kN/m² and for most other areas exceeding 100m but not exceeding 200m you can use 1 kN/m², for parts of Scotland, Pennines, North East England and heights over 200m you will need to refer to BS 6399 Part 3.Īs there are no brittle finishes e.g. ![]() Rafters are to have minimum end bearing of 35mm. Wane as allowed in BS 4978:2007+A2:2017 is permitted in all sections included in these span tables. Timber to be covered, these span tables do not apply to timber which is fully exposed to the elements. ![]() Holes and notches cannot be drilled or cut into the rafters unless proved adequate by specialist calculations. The calculations on which these span tables are based conservatively assume that the rafters are not continuous over the purlins, but they can be continuous over the supporting purlin if required. These span tables are based on the assumption that the tiling battens fastened to the top of the rafters will provide adequate lateral restraint and also ensure that lateral loads are distributed. It is also assumed ceiling joists will be used to transmit the horizontal component of thrust occurring at eaves level to complementary rafters. These span tables only apply to roof systems with four or more rafters. These span tables do not apply to trussed rafter roofs. The dead loads shown at the top of span table above do not include the self weight of the rafters, however, the rafter self weights are included (in addition to the dead loads) in the calculations used to determine permissble clear spans. The allowable clear spans have been calculated in accordance with BS 5268-2:2002 Structural use of timber - Part 2: Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship and BS 5268-7.5:1990 Structural use of timber - Section 7.5 Domestic rafters. Dead load per square metre (in kN/m²) supported by raftersĬentre-to-centre spacing of rafters (in mm) ![]()
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Netspot wifi site survey3/21/2024 ![]() Every time you use NetSpot internet speed meter for WiFi site surveys, it delivers reliable interactive heatmaps that are easy to analyze, absolutely for free. It helps you see the true coverage of your WiFi like never before, regardless of your mesh or no-mesh configuration, security settings, interfering networks or other factors. NetSpot WiFi heat mapper is fast, accurate and extremely simple. All you need to do is start a new survey project in the app, place the hotspot in its first location, take a few measurements and then move on to the next location with the same hotspot. * WiFi mapper - conduct active WiFi site surveys for connected networks With NetSpot you can travel to the project site light - with just one hotspot at your disposal - and easily map out a great WiFi network with even coverage. * WiFi tester - check your Internet speed and record your historical results * WiFi scanner - collect and visualize your WiFi data * WiFi analyzer - diagnoze your wireless networks and connection speed ![]() NetSpot’s WiFi speedtest is a great one-tap solution to verify and track performance of your wireless setups over time. For anyone living in an apartment block, or working in an office building, youll no doubt notice the almost dizzying number of wireless networks your Mac is. Flexible configuration settings let you customize the look and feel of your WiFi map and choose the desired gradient to properly highlight areas with high WiFi speed and stable connection, or low WiFi signal that may require some fine-tuning. Effortlessly manage your Wi-Fi survey projects by organizing them into zones and multiple snapshots for each area. NetSpot, famous for its versatile network tools with millions of business and home users across all platforms, is the only WiFi scanner app with heatmap visualizations. Build realistic WiFi heatmaps right on your iOS or iPadOS device in minutes, without additional expensive hardware! Analyze and troubleshoot your wireless networks with color-coded highly visual heatmaps that are very simple to create and interpret. ![]() Was sind die 3 Arten von Site Surveys Die drei Hauptarten der WLAN Site Survey sind prädiktive Site Surveys, passive Site Surveys und aktive Site Surveys, wobei jede Art einem anderen. NetSpot 3 brings powerful WiFi site surveys to iPhone and iPad users. Eine WLAN Site Survey wird mit einem speziellen WLAN Site Survey Tool wie NetSpot durchgeführt, welches auf einem Laptop oder einem mobilen Gerät läuft. The first and only 100% free WiFi heatmapper, analyzer and Internet speed test app! ![]() High republic era star wars3/21/2024 ![]() However, one Sith Lord emerged as the sole survivor: Darth Bane. ![]() The Sith were eventually defeated when their greed for power caused them to turn on each other, which allowed the Jedi to defeat the weakened Sith, leaving them all but destroyed. ![]() Roughly a thousand years before the Invasion of Naboo, the Jedi and the Sith were at war with each other. The Republic Era was preceded by a dark age of war between Jedi and Sith. " There hasn't been a full-scale war since the formation of the Republic." ―Sio Bibble As a result, open war broke out between the First Order and the Resistance, until a pan-galactic uprising against the First Order took place. The New Republic sought to restore peace and democracy to the galaxy however, the New Republic Era's last years were marked by a Cold War with the First Order, a successor state of the Old Empire, and ended with the New Republic's destruction. Historians regarded the Republic Era as the "last era of peace." After it ended, the Empire ruled the galaxy under the New Order's fascist ideology, leading to the Galactic Civil War with the Alliance to Restore the Republic, which became known as the Age of Rebellion. The Republic Era concluded with the dawn of the Imperial Era. In the aftermath of the implementation of Order 66, which saw the collapse of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Jedi's annihilation, Palpatine-the Sith Lord Darth Sidious- proclaimed himself Galactic Emperor, transforming the Republic into the First Galactic Empire. This thirteen-year period from 32 BBY to 19 BBY became known as the fall of the Republic or the fall of the Jedi. The Invasion of Naboo, followed by the Separatist Crisis and the Clone Wars, marked the Republic's transition from a democracy to a military dictatorship under Supreme Chancellor Sheev Palpatine. Aided by the Knights of the Jedi Order, the Galactic Senate of the Republic governed the galaxy in a time of peace that lasted for roughly a millennium.Īccording to Janyor, the Republic gradually declined under a stagnant bureaucracy and political corruption, and its final years were remembered as the Twilight of the Republic or the Twilight of the Old Republic. Following the fall of the Old Republic, the Republic Era commenced with the establishment of the modern Galactic Republic. The Republic Era, also known as the era of the Republic, the Age of Republic, or the Great Peace, was a period in galactic history marked by the rise and fall of the Galactic Republic. Historians rebuke the people of this last age for being taken in by such circuses when their attentions should have been focused on the malfeasances and corruption in the Senate and other governing institutions." ―Janyor " Before the outbreak of war, the twilight of the Republic was an era of distractions, with citizens from all walks of life following escapist pursuits. ![]() World clock time converter3/21/2024 ![]() These time zones help account for the Earth's rotation and the division of the world into distinct regions with their local times, allowing for coordinated scheduling, travel, and communication across different parts of the globe. There are a total of 38 time zones in the world, ranging from UTC-12 to UTC+14. How many time zones are there in the world? UTC provides a common point of reference, ensuring that people and systems across the world can coordinate events and activities accurately, regardless of their geographical location. This consistency makes it crucial for various applications, including global communication, navigation, and scientific research. UTC is based on highly precise atomic clocks and occasionally adjusted with leap seconds to account for Earth's irregular rotation. ![]() ![]() It is not influenced by time zones or daylight saving time changes. What is Coordinated Universal Time?Ĭoordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the global timekeeping standard used as a reference for time worldwide. DST is observed in some regions but is not universally adopted worldwide. It aims to save energy and promote outdoor activities. What is daylight saving time?ĭaylight Saving Time (DST) is a time adjustment practice where clocks are typically set one hour ahead during the summer to extend daylight hours. You can rest assured that the time is accurate. Yes, all clock times take into account the effects of daylight saving time. Are clock times affected by daylight saving time? How to use World Clock?Īll you need to do is click on the link below the blue earth icon on the home page to get a table of major cities in the world, click on any city to see the current time in that city. It is very easy to use, you can select two cities or time zones on the page and click on the convert button to see the time comparison between the two cities or time zones. It is a useful tool for people who travel internationally and engage in international activities. This page also allows you to view the local time of most cities in the world. 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Check the fine print – your cinder block may not have been made with coal cinder. Many stores have hollow, cored or celled blocks made of concrete that are labeled “cinder block”. For coal cinder blocks, the aggregate is coal cinder.Ĭoal cinder is very lightweight, while sand and pebbles are not.īut the truth is, the terms concrete block and cinder block have become synonymous. For concrete blocks, the aggregate is made of sand and small pebbles. A hollow concrete block is made of two things – an aggregate and Portland cement. What’s the difference between concrete blocks and coal cinder blocks? It’s the aggregate. Traditionally, coal cinder blocks have either two or three hollow interior areas. The mixture is poured into molds and then heated or air dried. They are made from Portland cement and an aggregate of burned coal cinders. The coal cinders are leftover products from coal-burning power plants – the fly and bottom ash portions.Ĭoal cinder blocks are light-weight, low density concrete masonry units (CMUs). In the case of cinder blocks, the thing that’s burned is coal. What is a traditional cinder block? Cinder is actually what it sounds like – a small piece of something that burned. Coal cinder blocks weigh less because they are made from an aggregate of coal cinders (aka breeze), and not an aggregate of sand and small pebbles. Which is Stronger Cinder Block or Concrete Block? (What’s The Difference?)Ī hollow concrete block is stronger than a coal cinder block. Here’s a video with 40 cinder block ideas. Cement on other veneers like bricks, tiles, or stone. ![]() Use mounting putty, hardwall hangers, exterior self-adhesive hooks, landscape block adhesive, concrete screws, or expansion bolts to add stuff with colors or textures. Contrast the light grey cinder block with other materials like rough wood, dark wood, slate, or terracotta. ![]() Paint striking modern designs or use stencils. Versatile cinder blocks can be used for: raised garden beds, potting tables, birdhouses, succulent gardens, firepits, grill tables, firewood containers, storage shed shelves, benches, steps, outdoor fireplaces, and in pit smokers.ĭid we have you at raised garden beds? No? Here’s more: plant shelves, garden borders, patio table legs, privacy walls, privacy walls with vertical gardens, water features, fences, outdoor kitchens, table centerpieces, compost bins, or swimming pools.ĭon’t like the look of cinder blocks? Try cementing shells, pebbles or cut glass to the outside.
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